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Radio
Radio systems and networks

This page contains information about (military) radio sets and networks. The list is by no means complete and only shows devices that contain, or are used in combination with, cryptographic equipment. It also shows radios that were used by Stay-Behind Networks (Gladio), Special Forces (SF) and emergency services. For radios that were used for clandestine (espionage) operations, please refer to the section on spy radio sets.

This section also describes a number of integrated (radio) communication systems that are commonly referred to on this website. Click any of the links below for further information or check out the Glossary. If you have additional information available, please contact us.

Radio sets on this website
First hand-held two-way radio
AN/PRC-77 portable VHF/FM radio
Close-up of the two control units: the EMU (left) and the frequency control unit (right)
RT-1439 right angle view
RT-1439 right angle view
AEG Telefunken SE-6861 HF radio, also known as LAPR
Philips RT-3600 wideband VHF FM radio
Philips RT-4600 wideband VHF FM radio
KL/GRA-3686 radio remote control set
Philips/HSA/Signaal VHF FM wideband military tactical manpack radio
The TACBE in the palm of a hand
Telefunken spy set FS-5000
Telefunken tactical radio family HRM-7000 (HF-7000)
Russian R-152 radio station
Yugoslav RU-2 and RU-2/2K manpack transceiver
Racal PRM-4720A rugged tactical portable VHF-L FM radio
Racal PRM-4515 Cougar handheld radio
Racal Cougar PRM-4735 body-wearable covert radio with voice encryption
Selex H4855 Personal Role Radio (PRR)
PRR
Selex H4855 ELSA Enhanced Encrypted Personal Role Radio (EZ-PRR)
Telefunken FuG-8 two-way police radio (4m band)
RDN-F-221 full-duplex data/voice radio for 2-meter band
Siemens CHX-200 high-end HF radio system
R-187-P1 (Azart-P1) military handheld software defined radio (SDR)
TETRA digital two-way radio network
TETRA network used by Dutch public safety services
Digital Mobile Radio
DMR
Joint Tactical Radio System
 Index of radio sets    Spy radios    Covert radios    Radio telephony    Amateur
Related equipment
Philips SITOR A/B FSK modem with ARQ and FEC
Rohde & Schwarz FSK Analyzer GA-082
Pritzner/Teletron TG-44E telex demodulator
Telefunken ECHOTEL HF Modem ETM-1800
Telefunken ECHOTEL HF Modem ETM-1810
ETM-1810 Radio modem with FEC
Telefunken ECHOTEL HF Modem ETM-1820
HF modem with integrated voice encryption, made by TeleSecurity Timmann
Hagenuk TG-1001/M FSK demodulator/diversity unit
 Monitoring equipment    Surveillance receivers  
Integrated radio systems
Standards
International Telecommunication Union   ITU
The allocation of the frequency spectrum is internationally coordinated by the International Tele­communication Union (ITU) [4], which is part of the United nations (UN). Within the ITU, the use of the radio spectrum is delegated to the Radio section ITU-R, who has divided the world into the three regions shown in the map below. Europe, Afrika and part of the Middle-East are in Region 1, North and South America are in Region 2. Asia, Australia and New Zealand are in Region 3.



Radio bands
ITU band designation
BandNameFrequencyRemarkWiki
TLFTremendously Low Frequency0.3 - 3 Hz    
ELFExtremely Low Frequency3 - 30 HzU-boat communication 
SLFSuper Low Frequency30 - 300 HzU-boat communication 
ULFUltra Low Frequency300 Hz - 3 kHzEarth-Mode comms 
VLFVery Low Frequency3 - 30 kHzTime, military, navigation 
LFLow Frequency30 - 300 kHzLW AM broadcast, nav. 
MFMedium Frequency300 kHz - 3 MHzMW AM broadcast, nav. 
HFHigh Frequency3 - 30 MHzSW AM broadcast, amateur 
VHFVery High Frequency30 - 300 MHzTV, radio, 2-way comms 
UHFUltra High Frequency300 - 3000 MHzTV, radar, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2-way radio, amateur 
SHFSuper High Frequency3 - 30 GHzPoint-to-point, Wi-Fi, radar 
EHFExtremely High Frequency30 - 300 GHz5G, radar, security 
THFTremendously High Frequency300 GHz - 3 THzAstronomy, research 1 
  1. Some sources define the upper limit of the THF band ad 30 THz. This band lies within the transition region between microwave and far infrared, and can be regarded as either.

Broadcast bands
BandITUFrequencyChannelSpacingRemark
IVHF47 - 68 MHz2-47 MHzAnalogue television
IIVHF87.5 - 108 MHz--FM radio broadcast band
IIIVHF174 - 230 MHz5-127 MHzAnalogue television 1
IVUHF470 - 581 MHz21-348 MHzAnalogue television
VUHF582 - 960 MHz35-818 MHzAnalogue television 2
VISHF11.7 - 12.7 GHz-?DBS, astronomy
VII??-?reserved
  1. At present, band III is used for digital radio (T-DAB) rather than for digital television.
  2. In Europe, band V runs from 582 to 862 MHz. The rest is used for mobile communication.

IEEE band designation
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) uses different designators for the various frequency bands, which is mainly based on (suitability for) radar applications.

BandFrequencyRemarkWiki
HF3 - 30 MHzSW AM broadcast, amateur 
VHF30 - 300 MHzTV, broadcast radio, 2-way radio, amateur 
UHF300 - 3000 MHzTV, radar, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2-way radio, amateur 
L1 - 2 GHzMobile, satellite, air, military, amateur, DAB 
S2 - 4 GHzRadar, satellite, phones, ISM, microwave ovens, WiFi 
C4 - 8 GHzSatellite, Wi-Fi,phones, radar, weather radar 
X8 - 12 GHzRadar, DBS, space comms, imaging radar 
Ku12 - 18 GHzSatellite television, speed radar 
K18 - 27 GHzShort range applications, amateur 2 
Ka26.5 - 40 GHzSatellite uplink, close-range radar, speed radar, 5G 
V40 - 75 GHzHigh-capacity short-range LOS data, inter-satellite 1 
W75 - 110 GHzRadar, heat ray, weapon detection, in-space comms 
mm30 - 300 GHz5G, radar, security 
  1. IEEE band V ('vee') should not be confused with ITU band V (five).
  2. The K-band was originally one contiguous band, which has meanwhile been split into Ku, K and Ka. The reason for this is that the centre part (18 - 26.5 GHz) is hardly usable due to absorption by water vapour in the atmosphere. It is only useful for short-range applications.  Wikipedia

NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) uses a variety of band designations, including the ITU and IEEE ones specified above. Some designation schemes are from the Cold War era and are now obsolete, although they are still used in practice. Since 1992, frequency assignments are in line with the NATO Joint civil/military Frequency Agreement (NJFA) [3].

NATO Cold War band designators   obsolete
BandFrequencyRemark
A0 - 250 MHzVLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF — fixed/mobile comms, navigation
B250 - 500 MHzVHF, UHF — fixed/mobile comms, satellite, meteo, nav.
C500 - 1000 MHzUHF — fixed/mobile comms, radiolocation
D1 - 2 GHzUHF — aeronautical comms, radio navigation, satellite
E2 - 3 GHzUHF — fixed/mobile comms, radiolocation, nav. satellite
F3 - 4 GHzSHF — radiolocation
G4 - 6 GHzSHF — fixed/mobile comms, radiolocation
H6 - 8 GHzSHF — fixed/mobile satellite
I8 - 10 GHzSHF — radiolocation
J10 - 20 GHzSHF — fixed/mobile comms, radiolocation
K20 - 40 GHzSHF, EHF — fixed/mobile satellite, radiolocation
L40 - 60 GHzEHF — fixed/mobile satellite, radiolocation
M60 - 100 GHzEHF — fixed/mobile satellite, radiolocation
N100 - 200 GHzUS Military / SACLANT
 More about NATO frequencies


CIA
In the United States (US), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses its own designators for the frequency bands that are used for covert listening devices and surveillance. The following CIA band designators and frequency ranges are currently known, along with some examples.

BandFrequencyExamples
0230-260 MHzSRT-57
1260-320 MHzSRT-52, SRT-91, SRT-90
2320-380 MHzEasy Chair, SRT-56, SRT-91, SRT-90, SRT-SP
3380-470 MHz-
41000-1300 MHz-
51300-1600 MHzSRT-107, SRT-52-H, SRT-56-H
61600-1900 MHz-
 More about CIA frequencies


References
  1. Peter Anker, Wegwijs in Frequentieland
    Visited February 2023.

  2. Wikipedia, Communication with submarines
    Visited February 2023.

  3. NATO Joint civil/military Frequency Agreement (NJFA) 2002
    NATO, 2 December 2002. Unclassified.

  4. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
    Visited 29 January 2024.
Further information
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© Crypto Museum. Created: Wednesday 21 March 2012. Last changed: Wednesday, 11 June 2025 - 09:05 CET.
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